The Abigailian Creed

I’m Abigail, a turtle-lover and a unicorn-lover.

I enjoy drawing, running, and reading.

I am a Christian and I go to Christian Church.

I have an awesome sister, Lydia.  She’s 10.

I have two awesome brothers, Nathan and Caleb.  Nathan is 13, and Caleb is 7.

I have two awesome parents Brian and Heidi.

I like bacon, cheese, and nachos.

I am extremely weird.

I have two dogs.  Lola is 7 and Cally is 4.

I love to go camping, hiking, and shooting.

I have more than twenty teddy bears, and one of them is bigger than me.

I am home-schooled.

I am the awesomeness Abigail.  I am 12.

LEDs

LED lights are used for car lights and traffic lights.  LED means light emitting diodes. Diodes are also called fleming valves.  They are made up of three layers.  There are two conductors separated by a vacuum.  The vacuum is just an empty space.  No air, no particles, no nothing.  The diode only allows electrical current to flow in one direction.  This is because of the anode and the cathode.  The cathode sends the electrical currents through the resistor (the vertical line in the center of the horizontal line) to the anode.  The triangle is just symbolizing that the currents are being sent out in all directions.

Types of Capacitors

Capacitors are electrical components that store electrical energy.  They have three main parts, the 1, 2, 3.  Three common types of capacitors are the ceramic capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, and supercapacitor.  Capacitors are often used in touchscreen phones, flash photography, and radios.

Ceramic capacitors have an insulator that is made with ceramic.  They have two terminals which are connected to two conductors.  Conductors are types of metal that allow electrons to easily travel with it.  Ceramic capacitors are made with very small capacitance values, mostly between 1nF and 1µF.  1nF means 1 nano farad.  1µF means 1 micro farad, or 1 millionth of a farad.  A farad is the unit of measure for capacitance, which is the storage of electrical charge.

Electrolytic capacitors have an insulator that is a liquid, which allows the capacitor a large storage space for electrical energy.  They are usually made of tantalum or aluminum.  Electrolytic capacitors have a capacitance value of 1µF to 47mF.  47mF means 47 million farads.  The capacitor has two terminals.  Terminals are the wires poking out of the capacitor.

A supercapacitor is a special type of an electrolytic capacitor.  The maximum charge voltage of a supercapacitor is between 2.5 and 2.7 volts.  They are also called ultracapacitors and double-layer capacitors.  Double layer capacitance just means that there is a bigger storage for electrical energy.

Types of Resistors

Fixed resistors are the most common types of resistors.  They are mainly made of lead or carbon.  They have two terminals, which are inputs and outputs of the electrons through the resistor.  Fixed resistors have a constant resistant value.

Variable resistors are commonly used for light switches and radio volume switches.  They have three terminals.  One of these terminals is connected to a wiper, which the feature that dims the lights and allows the volume to be turned louder or quieter.  This is possible because its resistance value is adjustable.

Thermistors are sensitive to temperature.  It decreases its resistance when the temperature rise.

Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s law is the relationship between amps, volts, and ohms.

Amps is the measurement of flow rate.  It is also called current.  One ampere is 6.25 billion billion electrons per second.

Volts is the measurement of force, pressure, or tension.

Ohms is the level of resistance.

Volts = amps X ohms

Amps = volts / ohms

Ohms = volts / amps

Science – Electronics

What are electronics?

Electronics is the manipulation or control of free electrons.  Free electrons are the electrons that have escaped the nucleus of an atom.

What is electrostatic force?

Electrostatic force is the idea that unlike charges attract and like charges repel. There are two sides of a magnets.  A ‘plus’ side and a ‘minus’ side.  The minus and plus sides stick together while the minus and minus sided do not.  The plus and plus sides do not stick together either.  Opposites attract.

What are conductors?

Some types of metal, like the kind used for cars, have the ability for electrons to smoothly travel with it, making the item easier to move.  Gold and copper are two more examples of conductors.

What are insulators?

Insulators function as walls and guard rails.  Some insulating substances are glass and plastic.  Insulating substances keep a tight hold on free electrons, making the item harder to move.

Greece

Greece

Greece is made up of rocky islands surrounding a large piece of land. Because of the landscape, it is difficult to grow anything on these islands, so the people did a lot of trading.

Several types of people lived in Greece:

• The Minoans where a peaceful group of people.

•The Dorians where known for building small cities and having a plain civilization.

•The Mycenaeans where a warlike group of people.

The Mycenaeans participated in a huge amount of wars. They where defeated by the people of Greece at Troy. They where also defeated by the Dorians.

The government of Greece was not a one that was together. There where many different city-states that had their own laws. Even though the land was divided into a ton of separate colonies, they all joined together as one for the battle with Persia. The soldiers of Greece won most of the battles with Persia. Greece was the victor of the battle!

Athens and Sparta where the two biggest and strongest city-states of Greece. Each thought that they where the stronger of the two. The argued of a time before the decided to do battle with each other. This series of wars is called The Peloponnesian Wars. In the end, it was Sparta who won.

Before the age of 30, a man conquered all the middle east, earning himself the title of Alexander the Great. Over 30 of the city-stated that he took he named Alexandria. After his death, his Empire fell. A family named the Ptolemies tried to rule the Seleucid Empire, or Alexander the Great Empire, for 300 years.

After some time, Rome took over Greece. The people ran out of food with the Romans in their land, so they colonized some of the rocky islands.

The Grecians believed in many, many gods. The gods of Olympus where the main gods.

During the Golden Age of Greece, many inventions where developed. Many advancements where made as well. Tall, beautiful buildings where built, amazing sculptures and paintings where made, many scientific discoveries where made, and there where great men of thinking.