Although black is often associated with death, depression, darkness, and evil, it is my favorite color. Black is the beautiful backdrop for a star-filled sky. Black is the charred burnt logs of a ceasing fire. Black is the dark inside of a deep cave. Black is the leather jackets of the tough motorcycle riders. It is a dark and mysterious color, and I love it.
Jules Verne was a French novelist, poet, and playwright. He was best known for his adventure novels and his great influence on the literary genre of science fiction. He was born on February 8, 1828 in the French city of Nantes. The young Jules Verne was raised at his birthplace, attending school at Lycée Georges Clemenceau in France. Jules Verne led a wonderful life, and he died of old age at 77 years old. He died in Amiens, France, on March 24, 1905.
Jules Verne wrote many award winning books, including Journey to the Centre of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty Days, and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. 20,000 Leagues is a tale about three friends who accidentally discover a secret submarine, the Nautilus. They explore the underwater world with Captain Nemo, the captain of the Nautilus. They even get into some trouble.
The underwater hunting trip was a very interesting section of the book. It showed Captain Nemo enjoying the company of Professor Aronnax by taking him on a hunting adventure to a deep sea forest. They took with them the necessary equipment to hunt, which included an electric gun. This gun shot a bolt of electricity as opposed to an actual bullet. It killed the animal, and even sustained enough volts to take down especially large species. The new gun was thought to kill the animal more humanly than a traditional gun. They traveled down along the ocean floor in their protective water suits towards the forest. Once they reached their destination, they marveled at the forest for a while, then returned in the direction of the Nautilus.
They were in view of the submarine when one of the men yelled at them through his water mask to get down. Once the men were lying on the sea floor, they saw the sharks. Three huge sharks were swimming in circles above them, hunting for food. They were not close enough to the sharks to use their shock guns to take down the giant beasts, so they waited on the sand as still as possible. Once the sharks had dispersed, they men were able to safely board the submarine.
The submarine Nautilus traveled on a tour around the world, for Captain Nemo intended to show his new passengers all the underwater wonders. They traveled for a long time, and eventually reached the North Pole. The waters of the North Pole were extremely cold, creating large ice walls. The submarine was driven far into the freezing ice maze, and it was too late to go back. They were stuck in the ice, with only enough air in the supply to last two days. The men slipped into their water suits and left the submarine in to the freezing waters of the North Pole. They examined and measured the width of the ice walls with a drill measure to see if escape was a possible option. The thinnest wall, being 10 meters in depth, was the one that the submarine was resting on. They began work immediately, chopping the ice around the Nautilus with heavy pickaxes.
They were nearly completed with the dangerous tiring task when the air supply ran extremely low. The workers boarded the Nautilus and waited to suffocate underwater in their submarine. Suddenly, the submarine shook. The weight of the submarine combined with the trench dug in the ice, the ice fell through and the Nautilus was free. With his last breaths, Captain Nemo guided the sub underneath the giant iceberg maze and up to the surface. In his last effort to serve his master, Conceal gave up his air tube to Professor Aronnax. The professor closed his eyes, preparing to die, when suddenly air filled his lungs. He was breathing! The air hatch had been opened, letting in a fresh wave of air. They were saved.
The Nautilus was continuing its tour around the underwater world when the submarine shook and tipped. Looking out one of the many windows, Conceal saw the devilfish. The devilfish was a giant black squid, with many more than eight tentacles. It had wrapped itself around the submarine, as if it were a sperm whale that it was hunting. As time went on, more devilfish began to appear. Their tight grip was beginning to dent and destroy the submarine. A few of the men quickly put on their water suits and began attacking the devilfish. One of the devilfish reached out its tentacle and wrapped it around one of the men, a close friend of Captain Nemo.
Astonished, the other men began chopping ferociously at the tentacles of the devilfish, attempting to free their friend. But with no luck. The devilfish had a tight hold on the man, and didn’t intend on letting go. They were able to chop a few of the tentacles off the giant squid, but not quickly enough to free their friend. Once the devilfish left the Nautilus, the submarine crew gave the man a proper underwater burial. They has escaped the strong grip of the devilfish and continued on their way.
Jules Verne is a wonderful novelist. He lived from February 8, 1828 to March 24, 1905, spending most of his days at his birthplace, in the French city of Nantes. Jules Verne has written many award winning books, including 20,000 Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. His writing had a great influence on the literary genre of science fiction.
There are many amazing things that I have discovered in the Astronomy section of my Science class. While studying the Earth, the Moon, and solar system, I have learned interesting facts that I had not even thought about before.
In lesson 73 we discussed the solar system and the different sections of the solar system. There are eight planets circulating the sun. The closes is Mercury, followed by Venus, then Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and lastly, Neptune. Pluto was ruled out as a dwarf planet, so it is no longer included with the main planets of this solar system. Each of the planets are put into groups. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the four planets that make up the Inner Planets. They are also known as the Terrestrial Planets. The Outer Planets, also known as the Jovian Planets, consist of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The solar system is an amazing creation.
For Science lesson 74, we talked about the origin of the solar system. There are two main theories on how the solar system came to be. They are the Genesis Board and the Big Band Theory. The Genesis Board is the theory that the universe was created by God, with a purpose. It was written in the Bible, in Genesis 1:1. The Big Bang Theory suggests that the universe was created by a huge accident, that there was no reason for the solar system except a solar mishap. These two theories are the most popular solar theories, and both are extremely interesting.
We have studied many other wonderful things for science astronomy, including solar and lunar eclipses, the movement and phases of the moon, and the materials that make up the planets. The solar system is a great creation, and I have learned so much about it while going through the astronomy course.
James Madison was born on March 16, 1751, in Virginia. He attended the College of New Jersey, and became a very successful man. He wrote the first drafts of the U.S Constitution, co-wrote the Federalist Papers, and sponsored the Bill of Rights. He went on to become the president of the Union in the year 1808. He served two terms in the White House, then died on June 28, 1836.
James Madison’s father built up a successful business that allowed James to live off the income for much of his life. He learned about government and tax this way, and it enabled him to dedicate his life to politics. He continued his education by attending the Collage of New Jersey. After completing his education there, he continued to study by reading the great books that Thomas Jefferson has sent him from France.
James Madison helped draft a few very important documents and had several important titles. One of the documents that he drafted was the Virginia Plan that he brought to the Constitutional Convention. His titles included the Father of the U.S. Constitution and as the Father of the Bill of Rights.
During the two terms that James Madison serves as president, two new stated were added to the Union. Those two states were Louisiana and Indiana. Leaving the presidential office in the year 1817, James Madison and his wife retired. He later died on June 28, in the year 1836.
James Madison was a great man. He drafted the Virginia Plan, co-wrote the Federalists Papers, and sponsored the Bill of Rights. He became a very successful man, going as far as becoming the President of the Union.
The Louisiana Purchase was a desperate move by Napoleon Bonaparte to try and finance his bankrupt kingdom. He wanted to expand France’s holdings on the New World, but seeing that fail, he sold his last major piece of land.
Napoleon Bonaparte made an offer to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States. He gain the land at no cost, so he sold it to make a profit. At $0.03 per acre, Livingston and Monroe agreed to purchase the Louisiana Territory, doubling the size of the United States. The total price of the territory came out to be about %15,000,000.
Even before the Louisiana Purchase was made, the United States funded for an expedition to explore the West and report on the potential resources. After Louisiana was bought, the expedition because more important as the United Stated now had more land within their borders. They had no complete maps or information of the land.
Thomas Jefferson selected a man named Meriwether Louis, a great friend of his, to lead the Corps of Discovery to the Pacific Ocean. The main goal of the mission was to find a continuous waterway to the Pacific Ocean.
Meriwether Louis chose William Clark, an old military friend, to be his co-captain in the expedition. The two then worked together to choose a crew of 31 men to accompany them on the trip. The group gathered their supplies in Wood River, Illinois and left to explore the West in May, 1804. The journey was made my boats for the majority of the time, except when walking was necessary to reach the next river.
The expedition traveled west by the Missouri River until they reached its source. They then had to travel across the Rocky Mountains to reach the Colombian River. In the year 1805, they reached the Pacific just in time for a cold, harsh winter. For part of the return trip, the group split into two groups, Louis and Clark each leading one. They split up to cover more ground and explore more of the territory.
Along the way, Louis and Clark came across many Indian tribes. Some tribes were immediately hostile, while over two dozen of the tribes were open to trading and friendly with the explorers. One of the most important encounters were with the Mandan Indians, where they met a former Shoshone girl Sacagawea and here infant son. Sacagawea, her son, and her French husband accompanied the explorers during the rest of their journey.
The mission came to an end in the year 1806 by returning to Saint Louis. They suffered only one death along the way. Sergeant Charles Floyd died of a burst appendix. Even though they were unsuccessful in finding a continuous waterway to the Pacific, they accomplished many other great things. They made peaceful relationships with two dozen Native American tribes, and made maps and journals of the territory that they covered.
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States by adding 15 states. Those 15 states were Nebraska, Missouri, Minnesota, South Dakota, North Dakota, Louisiana, Kansas, Montana, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, New Mexico, and Texas.
The Louisiana Purchase added a large about of land to the United States, and most people thought the exploration was impossible. When the men returned, they were heroes. The completion of the exploration had the same great effect on the people as walking on the moon does today.
Peanut Brittle
Brittle, is a type of confection, consisting of flat broken pieces of hard sugar candy embedded with nuts such as pecans, almonds, or peanuts.
One legend has it that around 1890, a woman living in the South was making a batch of taffy in her home kitchen and a simple ingredient mix-up led her to invent peanut brittle by accident. Instead of adding cream of tartar to her taffy, as the recipe instructed, she absentmindedly threw in some baking soda. Realizing her mistake but disappointed by the waste of ingredients, she gave her failed taffy concoction a quick taste and was delighted by it! She added peanuts so that her creation would have a consistency and crunch distinct from taffy, and we’ve been making peanut brittle (on purpose) like this ever since.
Others maintain that peanut brittle was brought to America from across the pond. Some say peanut brittle began as a Celtic dessert. It’s documented that many found it delicious to combine sugar and peanuts. As time went on, they started pouring syrup on their peanuts to make them seriously sweeter. When Irish immigrants came to America, they brought their culture and cuisine along with them—preparing their peanut brittle reminded them of home. The story goes that peanut brittle caught on particularly well in their new country because peanuts were so easy to grow in the South.
Peanut brittle is a sweet and salty snack that has been around for years, and both the old and the young enjoy it.
North America was an uninhabited land before the year 1492, except for two groups of natives. One of the two groups was the Hopewell people, which was an Eastern farming culture. The second group was the Anasazi people, they followed the South-Western farming culture.
It was the expedition of the explorer Christopher Columbus that began the colonization of North and South America. He brought many settlers with him and they colonized in the Americas, expanding the territories.
There were three modern day countries that dominated the colonization of the Americas. These three were Spain, France, and Great Britain. They became almost like the government in the Americas. In the year of 1781 the American colonies joined together and became a united colony
What type of person has gone missing? A child or adult?
Where was the missing person last seen?
What was the missing person’s purpose?
What was the missing person’s physical and mental health? Any medication or phobias?
What is the personality? Aggressive or passive?
Does the missing person have any equipment? Are they prepared or unprepared?
In what terrain did the missing person travel?
What is the missing person’s physical appearance?
The continent of Africa is home to many great landmarks. For example, the Nile River, which is one of the only rivers that flows north, snakes around through the land. Africa is the most diverse continent on the Earth, meaning that it contains almost every climate except frozen tundra. There are deserts, jungles, Safari plains, forests, mountains and lakes.
The oldest African civilization is Egypt, which was the strongest and most well-known. It was ruled by Pharaohs, and was based around the Nile River. Many times the rich civilization was attacked and plundered, but two empires, the Roman and Persian Empires, are known for successfully conquering it. After Egypt was reconquered by the Egyptians, they adopted the Islamic religion.
Nubia was another civilization in Africa. It was located to the south of Egypt near the Nile River. It was known for making great trades with the Arabia and Mediterranean civilization, as well as beginning the art of ironworking.
Ethiopia was established around 500 BC. It was built up by trade in the Red Sea. It was an Arab style country later adding in some Egyptian and Greek culture. It was ruled by a strong line of Kings, and soon became a particularly rich and strong civilization.
About 1250 years after 500 AD. Africa began to slowly develop into a more tribal nation. Soon the European nation wanted to colonize parts of Africa because of its riches. With its diverse climates, the Nile, and the unique civilizations, Africa is an amazing continent.
Choosing the correct shelter is very important. There are a few vital steps to making the decision of location, material, and structural plan of the shelter.
There are a couple shelter types for each situation. For a temporary need, a lean-to would be a wonderful choice. It keeps the rain off the contents of the shelter, and also works as a wind shield. It can take from 30 minutes to an hour to put up, depending on the skill of the maker. An igloo or a wooden structure would work for more long term needs, because of the strength and durability.
When choosing the location, try and avoid dry river beds, because when it rains, the water will come rushing down the dry channel, plowing down the shelter, and either killing or injuring the person in it. Also avoid rocky mountain and avalanche areas because they could also tear down the shelter and hurt the person. Also, avoid placing a shelter in swampy or wet areas. Resting on cold ground makes the body cold, while resting on hot land makes the body hot.
Shelter materials are important. A question that needs to be asked before choosing the shelter material is, “What is the main thing that I need protection from?” it is a good idea to try and find a natural shelter, such as a cave. Small, dry areas help to insulate body heat.
Choosing the correct shelter is very important. The material, the location, and the build all help with the durability and strength of the shelter.
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